二十一世纪西方“比较城市研究”进展与述评

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.01.002

摘要
图/表
参考文献
相关文章 (6)

全文: PDF (12060 KB) HTML (1 KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要进入21世纪以来，伴随南半球城市快速发展，以及全球尺度的区域和城市间经济、社会、政治联系的加强，全球城市化景观持续重构，展现出多元发展特征，对传统城市理论的解释范式提出了新挑战。在此背景下，西方的比较城市研究开始复兴，尤其关注南半球城市经验，探索城市理论与研究范式的转型与建构，并成为城市研究的热点。为了把握国际城市研究前沿，本文通过详细解读相关文献并结合CiteSpace引文空间分析，全面梳理了21世纪西方比较城市研究的最新进展，评述和解析比较城市研究的概念、发展进程、研究方向和理论成果。希望以此拓展国际视野，为中国城市理论建设提供参考和借鉴。

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入我的书架
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章

关键词 ：比较城市研究, 城市理论, 后殖民城市主义, 复兴, 引文空间分析

Abstract：Against the context of planetary urbanization, the global landscape restructuring is ongoing, especially in the Global South. This new and diverse urban landscape is beyond the explanatory power of traditional urban theories developed in the West. Accordingly, recent urban studies witness a revival and reorientation of comparative urban studies. Contemporary comparative urban study seeks to develop new epistemologies and methodologies to develop more cosmopolitan urban theories. Using the methods of text interpretation, inter-literature analysis together with CiteSpace, this paper reviews recent progress of comparative urban studies of the Anglo-Saxon world, to examine the definition and history of comparative urban study, its main research fields and recent developments. In details, we found five main research fields of contemporary comparative studies:urban theory, urban policy, urban development, urban problems and urban environment. While most coming from Anglo-Saxon countries, the number of authors in developing countries is increasing in recent five years. As a critical urban theory, contemporary comparative studies put efforts to make reorientation of urban theorization by criticizing key concepts of traditional urban theories. Firstly, the intertwining of modernity and developmentalism in urban theory has established assumptions about incommensurability of wealthier and poorer cities which are taken for granted. Comparative urban study criticizes such incommensurability of wealthier and poorer cities in terms of knowledge production for cities. Second, scale is conceived of cartographically, a fixed metric as on a map in traditional literature, which neglects the social dimensions of scale and inter-scalar dynamics. The third weakness is the ontological treatment of cities as discrete, self-enclosed and analytically separate objects. Finally, cities have to be theorized as open and relational.

Key words： comparative urbanism urban theory postcolonial urbanism revitalization CiteSpace

收稿日期: 2016-12-21

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金项目（41422103，41130747，41501151）

通讯作者: 李志刚(1976-),男,湖北天门人,教授,博导,主要研究方向为城市空间结构与转型。E-mail:zhigangli@whu.edu.cn。 E-mail: zhigangli@whu.edu.cn

作者简介: 邱婴芝(1992-),女,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为城市社会地理。E-mail:qiuyzh3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn。

引用本文:

邱婴芝, 刘义, 林赛南, 李志刚. 二十一世纪西方“比较城市研究”进展与述评[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(1): 8-15,84. QIU Ying-zhi, LIU Yi, LIN Sai-nan, LI Zhi-gang. A REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE URBAN STUDY IN THE EARLIER 21^ST CENTURY. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 33(1): 8-15,84.

链接本文:

http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.01.002 或 http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/Y2018/V33/I1/8

[9]	McFarlane C,Robinson J.Introduction experiments in comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):765-773.
[2]	Robinson J.Global and world cities:A view from off the map[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(3):531.
[1]	Brenner N.Theses on urbanization[J].Public Culture,2013,25(1):85-114.
[1]	Brenner N.Theses on urbanization[J].Public Culture,2013,25(1):85-114.
[10]	Swanson G.Frameworks for comparative research:Structural anthropology and the theory of action[M]//Vallier K.Comparative Methods in Sociology:Essays on Trends and Applications.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1971:141-202.
[2]	Robinson J.Global and world cities:A view from off the map[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(3):531.
[3]	Roy A,Ong A.Worlding Cities:Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global[M].Chichester,West Sussex;Malden,MA:WileyBlackwell,2011:1-26.
[2]	Robinson J.Global and world cities:A view from off the map[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(3):531.
[11]	Bendix R.Concepts and generalizations in comparative sociological studies[J].American Sociological Review,1963,28(4):532-539.
[4]	McFarlane C.The comparative city:Knowledge,learning,urbanism[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2010,34(4):725-742.
[3]	Roy A,Ong A.Worlding Cities:Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global[M].Chichester,West Sussex;Malden,MA:WileyBlackwell,2011:1-26.
[3]	Roy A,Ong A.Worlding Cities:Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global[M].Chichester,West Sussex;Malden,MA:WileyBlackwell,2011:1-26.
[12]	Grimshaw A D.Comparative sociology:In what ways different from other sociologies[M]//Armer M,Grimshaw A D.Comparative Social Research:Methodological Problems and Strategies.London:Wiley,1973:3-48.
[4]	McFarlane C.The comparative city:Knowledge,learning,urbanism[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2010,34(4):725-742.
[5]	Robinson J.Ordinary Cities:Between Modernity and Development[M].London:Routledge,2006:3.
[6]	中国人民共和国国家统计局.2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.[National Bureau of Statistics of China.Statistical communiquéof the People's Republic of China on the 2015 national economic and social development[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.]
[7]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2012[EB/OL].(2014-01-13)[2016-12-16].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html.
[8]	中国国际友好城市联合会.世界各国与我国建立友好城市关系一览表[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.[China International Friendship Cities Association.A list of sister cities between China and other countries[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.]
[4]	McFarlane C.The comparative city:Knowledge,learning,urbanism[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2010,34(4):725-742.
[13]	Keating M.Comparative Urban Politics:Power and the City in the United States,Canada,Britain and France[M].Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1991:11.
[9]	McFarlane C,Robinson J.Introduction experiments in comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):765-773.
[5]	Robinson J.Ordinary Cities:Between Modernity and Development[M].London:Routledge,2006:3.
[6]	中国人民共和国国家统计局.2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.[National Bureau of Statistics of China.Statistical communiquéof the People's Republic of China on the 2015 national economic and social development[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.]
[7]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2012[EB/OL].(2014-01-13)[2016-12-16].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html.
[8]	中国国际友好城市联合会.世界各国与我国建立友好城市关系一览表[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.[China International Friendship Cities Association.A list of sister cities between China and other countries[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.]
[5]	Robinson J.Ordinary Cities:Between Modernity and Development[M].London:Routledge,2006:3.
[6]	中国人民共和国国家统计局.2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.[National Bureau of Statistics of China.Statistical communiquéof the People's Republic of China on the 2015 national economic and social development[EB/OL].(2016-02-29)[2016-12-16].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201602/t20160229_1323991.html.]
[7]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2012[EB/OL].(2014-01-13)[2016-12-16].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html.
[8]	中国国际友好城市联合会.世界各国与我国建立友好城市关系一览表[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.[China International Friendship Cities Association.A list of sister cities between China and other countries[EB/OL].[2016-12-16].http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/WordGuanXiBiao.aspx.]
[9]	McFarlane C,Robinson J.Introduction experiments in comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):765-773.
[14]	Walton J.Comparative urban studies[M]//Armer J M,Marsh R M.Comparative Sociological Research in the 1960s and 1970s.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982:22-39.
[10]	Swanson G.Frameworks for comparative research:Structural anthropology and the theory of action[M]//Vallier K.Comparative Methods in Sociology:Essays on Trends and Applications.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1971:141-202.
[9]	McFarlane C,Robinson J.Introduction experiments in comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):765-773.
[15]	Ward K.Towards a relational comparative approach to the study of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(4):471-487.
[11]	Bendix R.Concepts and generalizations in comparative sociological studies[J].American Sociological Review,1963,28(4):532-539.
[10]	Swanson G.Frameworks for comparative research:Structural anthropology and the theory of action[M]//Vallier K.Comparative Methods in Sociology:Essays on Trends and Applications.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1971:141-202.
[10]	Swanson G.Frameworks for comparative research:Structural anthropology and the theory of action[M]//Vallier K.Comparative Methods in Sociology:Essays on Trends and Applications.Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1971:141-202.
[11]	Bendix R.Concepts and generalizations in comparative sociological studies[J].American Sociological Review,1963,28(4):532-539.
[16]	Lewis O.Comparisons in cultural anthropology[M]//Thomas W L Jr.Yearbook of Anthropology (1955).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1955:259-292.
[12]	Grimshaw A D.Comparative sociology:In what ways different from other sociologies[M]//Armer M,Grimshaw A D.Comparative Social Research:Methodological Problems and Strategies.London:Wiley,1973:3-48.
[11]	Bendix R.Concepts and generalizations in comparative sociological studies[J].American Sociological Review,1963,28(4):532-539.
[12]	Grimshaw A D.Comparative sociology:In what ways different from other sociologies[M]//Armer M,Grimshaw A D.Comparative Social Research:Methodological Problems and Strategies.London:Wiley,1973:3-48.
[17]	Hausner P M,Schnore L F.The Study of Urbanisation[M].London:John Wiley&Sons,1965:503-517.
[13]	Keating M.Comparative Urban Politics:Power and the City in the United States,Canada,Britain and France[M].Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1991:11.
[12]	Grimshaw A D.Comparative sociology:In what ways different from other sociologies[M]//Armer M,Grimshaw A D.Comparative Social Research:Methodological Problems and Strategies.London:Wiley,1973:3-48.
[18]	Pickvance C G.Comparative urban analysis and assumptions about causality[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986,10(2):162-184.
[13]	Keating M.Comparative Urban Politics:Power and the City in the United States,Canada,Britain and France[M].Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1991:11.
[14]	Walton J.Comparative urban studies[M]//Armer J M,Marsh R M.Comparative Sociological Research in the 1960s and 1970s.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982:22-39.
[13]	Keating M.Comparative Urban Politics:Power and the City in the United States,Canada,Britain and France[M].Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1991:11.
[19]	Berry B J L.Comparative Urbanization:Divergent Paths in the Twentieth Century[M].New York:St.Martin's Press,1981.
[15]	Ward K.Towards a relational comparative approach to the study of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(4):471-487.
[14]	Walton J.Comparative urban studies[M]//Armer J M,Marsh R M.Comparative Sociological Research in the 1960s and 1970s.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982:22-39.
[14]	Walton J.Comparative urban studies[M]//Armer J M,Marsh R M.Comparative Sociological Research in the 1960s and 1970s.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982:22-39.
[15]	Ward K.Towards a relational comparative approach to the study of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(4):471-487.
[20]	Walton J.Political economy of world urban systems:Directions for comparative research[M]//Walton J,Masotti L H.The City in Comparative Perspective:Cross-National Research and New Direction in Theory.London:Sage,1976:301-314.
[16]	Lewis O.Comparisons in cultural anthropology[M]//Thomas W L Jr.Yearbook of Anthropology (1955).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1955:259-292.
[15]	Ward K.Towards a relational comparative approach to the study of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(4):471-487.
[21]	Nijman J.Introduction:Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):1-6.
[16]	Lewis O.Comparisons in cultural anthropology[M]//Thomas W L Jr.Yearbook of Anthropology (1955).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1955:259-292.
[17]	Hausner P M,Schnore L F.The Study of Urbanisation[M].London:John Wiley&Sons,1965:503-517.
[16]	Lewis O.Comparisons in cultural anthropology[M]//Thomas W L Jr.Yearbook of Anthropology (1955).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1955:259-292.
[22]	McCann E.Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge:Toward a research agenda[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2011,101(1):107-130.
[23]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2000[EB/OL].(2009-02-20)[2017-05-19].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000t.html.
[18]	Pickvance C G.Comparative urban analysis and assumptions about causality[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986,10(2):162-184.
[17]	Hausner P M,Schnore L F.The Study of Urbanisation[M].London:John Wiley&Sons,1965:503-517.
[17]	Hausner P M,Schnore L F.The Study of Urbanisation[M].London:John Wiley&Sons,1965:503-517.
[24]	Robinson J.Urban geography:World cities,or a world of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,29(6):757-765.
[18]	Pickvance C G.Comparative urban analysis and assumptions about causality[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986,10(2):162-184.
[19]	Berry B J L.Comparative Urbanization:Divergent Paths in the Twentieth Century[M].New York:St.Martin's Press,1981.
[18]	Pickvance C G.Comparative urban analysis and assumptions about causality[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1986,10(2):162-184.
[25]	Amin A,Graham S.The ordinary city[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1997,22(4):411-429.
[19]	Berry B J L.Comparative Urbanization:Divergent Paths in the Twentieth Century[M].New York:St.Martin's Press,1981.
[20]	Walton J.Political economy of world urban systems:Directions for comparative research[M]//Walton J,Masotti L H.The City in Comparative Perspective:Cross-National Research and New Direction in Theory.London:Sage,1976:301-314.
[19]	Berry B J L.Comparative Urbanization:Divergent Paths in the Twentieth Century[M].New York:St.Martin's Press,1981.
[26]	李杰,陈超美.CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2016:2-7.[Li Jie,Chen Chaomei.CiteSpace:Text Mining and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M].Beijing:Capital University of Economics&Business Press,2016:2-7.]
[21]	Nijman J.Introduction:Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):1-6.
[20]	Walton J.Political economy of world urban systems:Directions for comparative research[M]//Walton J,Masotti L H.The City in Comparative Perspective:Cross-National Research and New Direction in Theory.London:Sage,1976:301-314.
[20]	Walton J.Political economy of world urban systems:Directions for comparative research[M]//Walton J,Masotti L H.The City in Comparative Perspective:Cross-National Research and New Direction in Theory.London:Sage,1976:301-314.
[27]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.City business:An international perspective on marketplace politics[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1995,19(4):495-512.
[22]	McCann E.Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge:Toward a research agenda[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2011,101(1):107-130.
[23]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2000[EB/OL].(2009-02-20)[2017-05-19].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000t.html.
[21]	Nijman J.Introduction:Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):1-6.
[21]	Nijman J.Introduction:Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):1-6.
[28]	Clarke N.Actually existing comparative urbanism:Imitation and cosmopolitanism in north-south interurban partnerships[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):796-815.
[24]	Robinson J.Urban geography:World cities,or a world of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,29(6):757-765.
[22]	McCann E.Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge:Toward a research agenda[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2011,101(1):107-130.
[23]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2000[EB/OL].(2009-02-20)[2017-05-19].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000t.html.
[22]	McCann E.Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge:Toward a research agenda[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2011,101(1):107-130.
[23]	GaWC.The world according to GaWC 2000[EB/OL].(2009-02-20)[2017-05-19].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000t.html.
[29]	Carruthers J I.The impacts of state growth management programmes:A comparative analysis[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(11):1959-1982.
[25]	Amin A,Graham S.The ordinary city[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1997,22(4):411-429.
[24]	Robinson J.Urban geography:World cities,or a world of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,29(6):757-765.
[24]	Robinson J.Urban geography:World cities,or a world of cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,29(6):757-765.
[30]	Lin G C S.Chinese urbanism in question:State,society,and the reproduction of urban spaces[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):7-29.
[25]	Amin A,Graham S.The ordinary city[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1997,22(4):411-429.
[26]	李杰,陈超美.CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2016:2-7.[Li Jie,Chen Chaomei.CiteSpace:Text Mining and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M].Beijing:Capital University of Economics&Business Press,2016:2-7.]
[25]	Amin A,Graham S.The ordinary city[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1997,22(4):411-429.
[31]	Wu F.Emerging Chinese cities:Implications for global urban studies[J].The Professional Geographer,2016,68(2):338-348.
[27]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.City business:An international perspective on marketplace politics[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1995,19(4):495-512.
[26]	李杰,陈超美.CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2016:2-7.[Li Jie,Chen Chaomei.CiteSpace:Text Mining and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M].Beijing:Capital University of Economics&Business Press,2016:2-7.]
[26]	李杰,陈超美.CiteSpace:科技文本挖掘及可视化[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2016:2-7.[Li Jie,Chen Chaomei.CiteSpace:Text Mining and Visualization in Scientific Literature[M].Beijing:Capital University of Economics&Business Press,2016:2-7.]
[32]	Slater T.North American gentrification?Revanchist and emancipatory perspectives explored[J].Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1191-1213.
[28]	Clarke N.Actually existing comparative urbanism:Imitation and cosmopolitanism in north-south interurban partnerships[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):796-815.
[27]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.City business:An international perspective on marketplace politics[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1995,19(4):495-512.
[27]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.City business:An international perspective on marketplace politics[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1995,19(4):495-512.
[33]	Catalan B,Sauri D,Serra P.Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean?Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona metropolitan region 1993-2000[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(3/4):174-184.
[29]	Carruthers J I.The impacts of state growth management programmes:A comparative analysis[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(11):1959-1982.
[28]	Clarke N.Actually existing comparative urbanism:Imitation and cosmopolitanism in north-south interurban partnerships[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):796-815.
[28]	Clarke N.Actually existing comparative urbanism:Imitation and cosmopolitanism in north-south interurban partnerships[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):796-815.
[34]	Lewis G M,Brabec E.Regional land pattern assessment:Development of a resource efficiency measurement method[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,72(4):281-296.
[30]	Lin G C S.Chinese urbanism in question:State,society,and the reproduction of urban spaces[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):7-29.
[29]	Carruthers J I.The impacts of state growth management programmes:A comparative analysis[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(11):1959-1982.
[29]	Carruthers J I.The impacts of state growth management programmes:A comparative analysis[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(11):1959-1982.
[31]	Wu F.Emerging Chinese cities:Implications for global urban studies[J].The Professional Geographer,2016,68(2):338-348.
[30]	Lin G C S.Chinese urbanism in question:State,society,and the reproduction of urban spaces[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):7-29.
[35]	Fisher-Gewirtzman D,Wagner I A.The spatial openness index:An automated model for three-dimensional visual analysis of urban environments[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,2006,23(1):77-89.
[30]	Lin G C S.Chinese urbanism in question:State,society,and the reproduction of urban spaces[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):7-29.
[32]	Slater T.North American gentrification?Revanchist and emancipatory perspectives explored[J].Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1191-1213.
[31]	Wu F.Emerging Chinese cities:Implications for global urban studies[J].The Professional Geographer,2016,68(2):338-348.
[36]	Connell R.Southern Theory:Social Science and the Global Dynamics of Knowledge[M].Cambridge:Polity,2007:195-232.
[31]	Wu F.Emerging Chinese cities:Implications for global urban studies[J].The Professional Geographer,2016,68(2):338-348.
[33]	Catalan B,Sauri D,Serra P.Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean?Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona metropolitan region 1993-2000[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(3/4):174-184.
[32]	Slater T.North American gentrification?Revanchist and emancipatory perspectives explored[J].Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1191-1213.
[37]	Kantor P,Savitch H V.How to study comparative urban development politics:A research note[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2005,29(1):135.
[32]	Slater T.North American gentrification?Revanchist and emancipatory perspectives explored[J].Environment and Planning A,2004,36(7):1191-1213.
[34]	Lewis G M,Brabec E.Regional land pattern assessment:Development of a resource efficiency measurement method[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,72(4):281-296.
[33]	Catalan B,Sauri D,Serra P.Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean?Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona metropolitan region 1993-2000[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(3/4):174-184.
[38]	Beauregard R A.City of superlatives[J].City and Community,2003,2(3):183-199.
[33]	Catalan B,Sauri D,Serra P.Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean?Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona metropolitan region 1993-2000[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(3/4):174-184.
[34]	Lewis G M,Brabec E.Regional land pattern assessment:Development of a resource efficiency measurement method[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,72(4):281-296.
[35]	Fisher-Gewirtzman D,Wagner I A.The spatial openness index:An automated model for three-dimensional visual analysis of urban environments[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,2006,23(1):77-89.
[39]	Brenner N.Restructuring,rescaling and the urban question[J].Critical Planning,2009,16(4):61-79.
[34]	Lewis G M,Brabec E.Regional land pattern assessment:Development of a resource efficiency measurement method[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,72(4):281-296.
[35]	Fisher-Gewirtzman D,Wagner I A.The spatial openness index:An automated model for three-dimensional visual analysis of urban environments[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,2006,23(1):77-89.
[36]	Connell R.Southern Theory:Social Science and the Global Dynamics of Knowledge[M].Cambridge:Polity,2007:195-232.
[40]	Sellers J M.Re-placing the nation:An agenda for comparative urban politics[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):419-445.
[35]	Fisher-Gewirtzman D,Wagner I A.The spatial openness index:An automated model for three-dimensional visual analysis of urban environments[J].Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,2006,23(1):77-89.
[37]	Kantor P,Savitch H V.How to study comparative urban development politics:A research note[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2005,29(1):135.
[36]	Connell R.Southern Theory:Social Science and the Global Dynamics of Knowledge[M].Cambridge:Polity,2007:195-232.
[41]	Pierre J.Comparative urban governance:Uncovering complex causalities[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):446-462.
[36]	Connell R.Southern Theory:Social Science and the Global Dynamics of Knowledge[M].Cambridge:Polity,2007:195-232.
[38]	Beauregard R A.City of superlatives[J].City and Community,2003,2(3):183-199.
[37]	Kantor P,Savitch H V.How to study comparative urban development politics:A research note[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2005,29(1):135.
[42]	Denters B,Mossberger K.Building blocks for a methodology for comparative urban political research[J].Urban Affairs Review,2006,41(4):550-571.
[37]	Kantor P,Savitch H V.How to study comparative urban development politics:A research note[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2005,29(1):135.
[38]	Beauregard R A.City of superlatives[J].City and Community,2003,2(3):183-199.
[43]	Peck J.Political economies of scale:Fast policy,interscalar relations,and neoliberal workfare[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(3):331-360.
[39]	Brenner N.Restructuring,rescaling and the urban question[J].Critical Planning,2009,16(4):61-79.
[38]	Beauregard R A.City of superlatives[J].City and Community,2003,2(3):183-199.
[40]	Sellers J M.Re-placing the nation:An agenda for comparative urban politics[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):419-445.
[39]	Brenner N.Restructuring,rescaling and the urban question[J].Critical Planning,2009,16(4):61-79.
[44]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.Cities in the International Marketplace:The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:vii.
[39]	Brenner N.Restructuring,rescaling and the urban question[J].Critical Planning,2009,16(4):61-79.
[41]	Pierre J.Comparative urban governance:Uncovering complex causalities[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):446-462.
[40]	Sellers J M.Re-placing the nation:An agenda for comparative urban politics[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):419-445.
[45]	Robinson J.Thinking cities through elsewhere:Comparative tactics for a more global urban studies[J].Progress in Human Geography,2016,40(1):3-29.
[40]	Sellers J M.Re-placing the nation:An agenda for comparative urban politics[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):419-445.
[42]	Denters B,Mossberger K.Building blocks for a methodology for comparative urban political research[J].Urban Affairs Review,2006,41(4):550-571.
[41]	Pierre J.Comparative urban governance:Uncovering complex causalities[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):446-462.
[46]	Robinson J.Cities in a world of cities:The comparative gesture[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2011,35(1):1-23.
[41]	Pierre J.Comparative urban governance:Uncovering complex causalities[J].Urban Affairs Review,2005,40(4):446-462.
[43]	Peck J.Political economies of scale:Fast policy,interscalar relations,and neoliberal workfare[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(3):331-360.
[42]	Denters B,Mossberger K.Building blocks for a methodology for comparative urban political research[J].Urban Affairs Review,2006,41(4):550-571.
[47]	Schiller N G.A Comparative relative perspective on the relationships between migrants and cities[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):879-903.
[42]	Denters B,Mossberger K.Building blocks for a methodology for comparative urban political research[J].Urban Affairs Review,2006,41(4):550-571.
[43]	Peck J.Political economies of scale:Fast policy,interscalar relations,and neoliberal workfare[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(3):331-360.
[44]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.Cities in the International Marketplace:The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:vii.
[48]	Janoschka M,Sequera J,Salinas L.Gentrification in Spain and Latin America:A critical dialogue[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(4):1234-1265.
[43]	Peck J.Political economies of scale:Fast policy,interscalar relations,and neoliberal workfare[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(3):331-360.
[45]	Robinson J.Thinking cities through elsewhere:Comparative tactics for a more global urban studies[J].Progress in Human Geography,2016,40(1):3-29.
[49]	Morange M,Folio F,Peyroux E,Vivet J.The spread of a transnational model:‘Gated communities’ in three Southern African cities (Cape Town,Maputo and Windhoek)[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):890-914.
[44]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.Cities in the International Marketplace:The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:vii.
[44]	Savitch H V,Kantor P.Cities in the International Marketplace:The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002:vii.
[46]	Robinson J.Cities in a world of cities:The comparative gesture[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2011,35(1):1-23.
[50]	Dick H W,Rimmer P J.Beyond the third world city:The new urban geography of Southeast Asia[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(12):2303-2321.
[45]	Robinson J.Thinking cities through elsewhere:Comparative tactics for a more global urban studies[J].Progress in Human Geography,2016,40(1):3-29.
[45]	Robinson J.Thinking cities through elsewhere:Comparative tactics for a more global urban studies[J].Progress in Human Geography,2016,40(1):3-29.
[47]	Schiller N G.A Comparative relative perspective on the relationships between migrants and cities[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):879-903.
[46]	Robinson J.Cities in a world of cities:The comparative gesture[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2011,35(1):1-23.
[51]	Moulaert F,Rodriguez A,Swyngedouw S.The Globalized City:Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003:9-28.
[46]	Robinson J.Cities in a world of cities:The comparative gesture[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2011,35(1):1-23.
[48]	Janoschka M,Sequera J,Salinas L.Gentrification in Spain and Latin America:A critical dialogue[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(4):1234-1265.
[47]	Schiller N G.A Comparative relative perspective on the relationships between migrants and cities[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):879-903.
[52]	Merrifield A.The politics of the encounter and the urbanization of the world[J].City,2012,16(3):269-283.
[47]	Schiller N G.A Comparative relative perspective on the relationships between migrants and cities[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(6):879-903.
[49]	Morange M,Folio F,Peyroux E,Vivet J.The spread of a transnational model:‘Gated communities’ in three Southern African cities (Cape Town,Maputo and Windhoek)[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):890-914.
[48]	Janoschka M,Sequera J,Salinas L.Gentrification in Spain and Latin America:A critical dialogue[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(4):1234-1265.
[53]	Hart G.Disabling Globalization:Places of Power in Post-apartheid South Africa[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2003.
[48]	Janoschka M,Sequera J,Salinas L.Gentrification in Spain and Latin America:A critical dialogue[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2014,38(4):1234-1265.
[50]	Dick H W,Rimmer P J.Beyond the third world city:The new urban geography of Southeast Asia[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(12):2303-2321.
[49]	Morange M,Folio F,Peyroux E,Vivet J.The spread of a transnational model:‘Gated communities’ in three Southern African cities (Cape Town,Maputo and Windhoek)[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):890-914.
[54]	Theodore N.Closed borders,open markets:Day laborers' struggle for economic rights[M]//Leitner H,Peck J,Sheppard E.Contesting Neoliberalism:Urban Frontiers.New York:Guilford,2007:250-265.
[49]	Morange M,Folio F,Peyroux E,Vivet J.The spread of a transnational model:‘Gated communities’ in three Southern African cities (Cape Town,Maputo and Windhoek)[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(5):890-914.
[50]	Dick H W,Rimmer P J.Beyond the third world city:The new urban geography of Southeast Asia[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(12):2303-2321.
[51]	Moulaert F,Rodriguez A,Swyngedouw S.The Globalized City:Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003:9-28.
[55]	Derudder B,Witlox F,Taylor P J.United States cities in the world city network:Comparing their positions using global origins and destinations of airline passengers[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):74-91.
[50]	Dick H W,Rimmer P J.Beyond the third world city:The new urban geography of Southeast Asia[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(12):2303-2321.
[52]	Merrifield A.The politics of the encounter and the urbanization of the world[J].City,2012,16(3):269-283.
[51]	Moulaert F,Rodriguez A,Swyngedouw S.The Globalized City:Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003:9-28.
[56]	Söderström O.Cities in Relations:Trajectories of Urban Development in Hanoi and Ougadougou[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014:31-170.
[51]	Moulaert F,Rodriguez A,Swyngedouw S.The Globalized City:Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003:9-28.
[52]	Merrifield A.The politics of the encounter and the urbanization of the world[J].City,2012,16(3):269-283.
[53]	Hart G.Disabling Globalization:Places of Power in Post-apartheid South Africa[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2003.
[52]	Merrifield A.The politics of the encounter and the urbanization of the world[J].City,2012,16(3):269-283.
[57]	Tilly C.Big Structures,Large Processes,Huge Comparisons[M].New York:Russell Sage Foundation,1984:87-139.
[53]	Hart G.Disabling Globalization:Places of Power in Post-apartheid South Africa[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2003.
[54]	Theodore N.Closed borders,open markets:Day laborers' struggle for economic rights[M]//Leitner H,Peck J,Sheppard E.Contesting Neoliberalism:Urban Frontiers.New York:Guilford,2007:250-265.
[58]	McMichael P.Incorporating comparison within a world-historical perspective:An alternative comparative method[J].American Sociological Review,1990,55(3):385-397.
[53]	Hart G.Disabling Globalization:Places of Power in Post-apartheid South Africa[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,2003.
[55]	Derudder B,Witlox F,Taylor P J.United States cities in the world city network:Comparing their positions using global origins and destinations of airline passengers[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):74-91.
[54]	Theodore N.Closed borders,open markets:Day laborers' struggle for economic rights[M]//Leitner H,Peck J,Sheppard E.Contesting Neoliberalism:Urban Frontiers.New York:Guilford,2007:250-265.
[59]	Nijman J.Place-particularity and "deep analogies":A comparative essay on Miami's rise as a world city[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):92-107.
[54]	Theodore N.Closed borders,open markets:Day laborers' struggle for economic rights[M]//Leitner H,Peck J,Sheppard E.Contesting Neoliberalism:Urban Frontiers.New York:Guilford,2007:250-265.
[55]	Derudder B,Witlox F,Taylor P J.United States cities in the world city network:Comparing their positions using global origins and destinations of airline passengers[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):74-91.
[56]	Söderström O.Cities in Relations:Trajectories of Urban Development in Hanoi and Ougadougou[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014:31-170.
[60]	Scott A J,Storper M.The nature of cities:The scope and limits of urban theory[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2015,39(1):1-15.
[55]	Derudder B,Witlox F,Taylor P J.United States cities in the world city network:Comparing their positions using global origins and destinations of airline passengers[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):74-91.
[56]	Söderström O.Cities in Relations:Trajectories of Urban Development in Hanoi and Ougadougou[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014:31-170.
[57]	Tilly C.Big Structures,Large Processes,Huge Comparisons[M].New York:Russell Sage Foundation,1984:87-139.
[61]	Robinson J.New geographies of theorizing the urban:Putting comparison to work for global urban studies[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South.London:Routledge,2014:57-70.
[56]	Söderström O.Cities in Relations:Trajectories of Urban Development in Hanoi and Ougadougou[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2014:31-170.
[58]	McMichael P.Incorporating comparison within a world-historical perspective:An alternative comparative method[J].American Sociological Review,1990,55(3):385-397.
[57]	Tilly C.Big Structures,Large Processes,Huge Comparisons[M].New York:Russell Sage Foundation,1984:87-139.
[62]	Peck J.Cities beyond compare[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(1):160-182.
[57]	Tilly C.Big Structures,Large Processes,Huge Comparisons[M].New York:Russell Sage Foundation,1984:87-139.
[59]	Nijman J.Place-particularity and "deep analogies":A comparative essay on Miami's rise as a world city[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):92-107.
[58]	McMichael P.Incorporating comparison within a world-historical perspective:An alternative comparative method[J].American Sociological Review,1990,55(3):385-397.
[63]	Storper M,Scott A J.Current debates in urban theory:A critical assessment[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(6):1114-1136.
[58]	McMichael P.Incorporating comparison within a world-historical perspective:An alternative comparative method[J].American Sociological Review,1990,55(3):385-397.
[60]	Scott A J,Storper M.The nature of cities:The scope and limits of urban theory[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2015,39(1):1-15.
[59]	Nijman J.Place-particularity and "deep analogies":A comparative essay on Miami's rise as a world city[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):92-107.
[64]	Dear M.Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2005,26(3):247-251.
[59]	Nijman J.Place-particularity and "deep analogies":A comparative essay on Miami's rise as a world city[J].Urban Geography,2007,28(1):92-107.
[60]	Scott A J,Storper M.The nature of cities:The scope and limits of urban theory[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2015,39(1):1-15.
[61]	Robinson J.New geographies of theorizing the urban:Putting comparison to work for global urban studies[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South.London:Routledge,2014:57-70.
[60]	Scott A J,Storper M.The nature of cities:The scope and limits of urban theory[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2015,39(1):1-15.
[62]	Peck J.Cities beyond compare[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(1):160-182.
[61]	Robinson J.New geographies of theorizing the urban:Putting comparison to work for global urban studies[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South.London:Routledge,2014:57-70.
[61]	Robinson J.New geographies of theorizing the urban:Putting comparison to work for global urban studies[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South.London:Routledge,2014:57-70.
[63]	Storper M,Scott A J.Current debates in urban theory:A critical assessment[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(6):1114-1136.
[62]	Peck J.Cities beyond compare[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(1):160-182.
[62]	Peck J.Cities beyond compare[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(1):160-182.
[64]	Dear M.Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2005,26(3):247-251.
[63]	Storper M,Scott A J.Current debates in urban theory:A critical assessment[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(6):1114-1136.
[63]	Storper M,Scott A J.Current debates in urban theory:A critical assessment[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(6):1114-1136.
[64]	Dear M.Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2005,26(3):247-251.
[64]	Dear M.Comparative urbanism[J].Urban Geography,2005,26(3):247-251.